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Piri Reis map
The Piri Reis map is a world map compiled in 1513 from military intelligence by the Ottoman admiral and cartographer Piri Reis (). Approximately one third of the map survives; it shows the western coasts of Europe and North Africa and the coast of Brazil with reasonable accuracy. Various Atlantic islands, including the Azores and Canary Islands, are depicted, as is the mythical island of Antillia and possibly Japan.
The historical importance of the map lies in its demonstration of the extent of exploration of the New World by approximately 1510, and in its claim to have used Columbus's maps, otherwise lost, as a source. It used ten Arab sources, four Indian maps sourced from the Portuguese, and one map of Columbus. More recently, it has been the focus of pseudohistoric claims for the pre-modern exploration of the Antarctic coast.
==Description==
The map is the extant western third of a world map drawn on gazelle skin parchment, with dimensions reported as 90 cm × 63 cm,〔.〕〔.〕 86 cm × 60 cm,〔.〕 90 cm × 65 cm,〔.〕〔.〕〔.〕 85 cm × 60 cm,〔.〕〔.〕 87 cm × 63 cm,〔.〕 and 86 cm × 62 cm.〔.〕 These discrepancies are largely due to the damaged corner. The surviving portion primarily details the western coast of Africa and the eastern coast of South America. The map was signed by Piri Reis, an Ottoman-Turkish admiral, geographer and cartographer, and dated to the month of Muharram in the Islamic year 919 AH, equivalent to 1513 AD.〔.〕〔.〕 It was presented to Ottoman Sultan Selim I in 1517.〔〔From the preface of Piri's ''Kitab-ı Bahriye'' (1521): "This poor man (Reis ) had previously constructed a map which, in comparison with maps hitherto known, displayed many more () different details, () in which he had included even the newly published maps of the Indian and Chinese Oceans which at that time were totally unknown in the country of Rum (Turkish Empire ); and he had presented it in Cairo to the Turkish Sultan Selim I, who graciously accepted it."〕 In the map's legend, Piri inscribed that the map was based on about twenty charts and mappae mundi.〔.〕〔.〕〔Inscription 6 on the map reads: "In this age, no one has seen a map like this. The hand of this poor man (Reis ) has drawn it and completed it from about twenty charts and mappaemundi. These are charts drawn in the days of Iskender dhu-l Karnian (HREF="http://www.kotoba.ne.jp/word/11/Alexander the Great" TITLE="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great ), which the inhabited quarter of the world. The Arabs name these charts Jaferya." Translation from .〕 According to Piri, these maps included eight Ptolemaic maps, an Arabic map of India, four newly drawn Portuguese maps from Sindh, Pakistan and a map by Christopher Columbus of the western lands. From Inscription 6 on the map:
From eight Jaferyas of that kind and one Arabic map of Hind (), and from four newly drawn Portuguese maps which show the countries of Sind (in modern day Pakistan ), Hind and Çin () geometrically drawn, and also from a map drawn by Qulūnbū () in the western region, I have extracted it. By reducing all these maps to one scale this final form was arrived at, so that this map of these lands is regarded by seamen as accurate and as reliable as the accuracy and reliability of the Seven Seas〔In this case, the Seven Seas are the Chinese Sea, the Indian Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Caspian Sea, the Western Sea (Atlantic Ocean), the Red Sea and the East African Sea (sea surrounding the East African island of Zanzibar), as identified by Piri in ''Kitab-ı Bahriye'' (1521). .〕 on the aforesaid maps."〔Translation from .〕
There is some scholarly debate over whether the 20 charts and mappae mundi in Piri's inscriptions includes the eight Ptolemaic maps, the four Portuguese maps, the Arabic map and the Columbus map. From one perspective, the number of charts and mappae mundi used by Piri equals 20,〔〔.〕〔.〕 while in the other, it could mean a total of 34.〔.〕〔.〕〔.〕〔.〕 Some have claimed that the source maps were found in the ancient Library of Alexandria,〔.〕 based on Piri's allusions to Alexander the Great, the founder of Alexandria, Ptolemy I, who ruled Alexandria in the 4th century BC, and Claudius Ptolemy, the Greek geographer and cartographer who lived in Alexandria during the 2nd century AD.〔 Gregory McIntosh states "Arab writers often confused Claudius Ptolemy, the geographer of the second century C.E., with Ptolemy I, one of Alexander's generals... Piri Reis has undoubtedly made the same error, resulting in his believing the charts and maps were from the time of Ptolemy I instead of Claudius Ptolemy."
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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